Introduction to Common Electronic Chips for Electronic Component Knowledge

Chips have become an indispensable item for everyone and have been widely used in daily life. More and more new technology products are using chips. So what is a chip? Chip, also known as microcircuit, microchip, or integrated circuit, is actually a general term for semiconductor component products. According to different solution signals, chips are divided into analog chips and digital chips. Simply put, the use of analog chips refers to the amplification effect of transistors, while the use of digital analog chips refers to the switching effect of crystals.

Specifically, analog chips are used to generate, amplify, and process various digital signals of various types, including analog-to-digital conversion chips (ADC), amplifier chips, power management chips, PLLs, etc. The difficulty of customizing analog chips lies in the excessive non ideal utility, which requires solid basic knowledge and rich experience, such as small signal analysis, time-domain and frequency-domain analysis, etc. In contrast, digital chips are used to generate, amplify, and process various analog signals. Digital chips typically develop logic functions, and CPU, memory chips, and DSP chips all belong to digital chips. The difficulty of digital chip design lies in the large scale of the chip, complex process standards, and often requiring multiple teams to jointly develop.

CPU is also very common and classified according to its usage function, mainly including CPU, GPU, FPGA, DSP, ASIC, etc. The CPU is the key to computer software calculation and control, and the ultimate execution unit for information processing and program execution.

The key hardware modules that control and implement universal computing on all hardware platforms of CPU computers, such as memory and output modules. GPU is a graphics processor, also known as a display core and visual CPU. A display chip is a microcontroller that specializes in image and graphics operations on personal computers, workstations, game consoles, and some mobile terminals (such as tablets, smartphones, etc.).

PAL should be a product further developed on the basis of FPGA and programmable devices such as GAL. This is a special type of integrated circuit (ASIC). The semi customized circuit generated in this field not only solves the shortcomings of customized power supply, but also solves the defect of limited number of programmable gate circuits.

FPGA can be programmed infinitely, with relatively low latency, and has parallel pipelines and data (GPU only has parallel data), which is the most practical and flexible. DSP is a chip that can complete digital signal processing technology. The DSP chip adopts the Harvard architecture of separating program and information, has a special hardware multiplier, widely uses Assembly line operations, provides special DSP commands, and can be used to quickly complete various digital signal processing algorithms.

ASICs, also known as specialized integrated circuits, are designed and manufactured according to the needs of specific users and electronic systems. Currently, ASIC design is one of the popular methods for ASIC design using CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Array).

ASIC has small size, light net weight, low power consumption, high stability, high characteristics, and strong confidentiality compared to general integrated circuits. The cost has also been further reduced. Nowadays, chip processing technology has also become a focus of attention. The more advanced the manufacturing, the higher the level of chip characteristics. Therefore, chips can also be divided based on processing technology. This classification is also very common. We often hear about 5nm chips, 7nm chips, 14nm chips, etc., all of which are divided based on this process.

The current production process has reached 5nm, and the next step is 3nm. Generally speaking, the more advanced the process, the greater the integration of chip transistors, the lower the critical area, the lower the cost, and the stronger the characteristics. However, this statement is specific to a single chip. If we consider the overall situation, it will be different. According to different application fields, chips can be divided into civilian grade (consumer grade), industrial grade, automotive grade, and military grade chips, with key differences still within the operating temperature range.

Due to the complex war environment faced by military chips, their electronic devices should be sufficiently durable, such as missiles, satellites, tanks, and aircraft carrier electronic components. Any part should be the most advanced, leading industry by 10 years and commercial by 20 years. The most expensive and accurate military level is -55 ℃ to+150 ℃; The working temperature range of automotive grade chips is -40 ℃ to+125 ℃; Industrial chips are slightly lower than automotive grade, followed by price and accuracy, with a working temperature range of -40 ℃ to+85 ℃; Civil/consumer chips are the type of transaction in the market, where computers and mobile phones are mostly commercial.

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