What are the main functions of the controller and the basic characteristics of intelligent control technology

The controller is a computer command center that, when providing execution instructions, is responsible for determining the sequence of program execution and the operational control instructions required for various components of the equipment. Intelligent control refers to the process of driving intelligent machines to achieve independent target automatic control without intervention. For many complex systems, efficient mathematical models and conventional control theories cannot be created for quantitative calculation and analysis, but a control method that combines quantitative and qualitative methods must be chosen. Widely used in household appliances, electric tools, automotive electronics, healthcare electronic devices, and even the most popular and fashionable smart home buildings at present. The controller plays the role of "central nervous system" and "brain" in these fields. This article has collected and organized some materials, hoping to have great reference value for readers.

Intelligent control is based on disciplines such as control theory, computer science, artificial intelligence, and operations research, expanding relevant theories and technologies, including fuzzy logic, neural networks, expert systems, genetic algorithms, as well as adaptive control, self-organizing control, and self-learning control.

An expert system is a control system that utilizes expert knowledge to describe special or difficult problems. Although expert systems have been successfully applied in handling complex advanced reasoning, their practical applications are relatively limited.

Fuzzy logic uses fuzzy language to describe a system, which can not only describe the quantitative model of a software system, but also its qualitative model. Fuzzy logic is suitable for any complex object operation.

Genetic algorithm, as a non established natural stochastic optimization tool, has the characteristics of parallel computing and fast finding of the best global solution. It can be mixed with other technologies for intelligent control of parameter values, structures, or the optimal control of the environment.

Neural networks are adaptive control methods that utilize a large number of neurons for learning and optimization based on a certain topological structure. It can exhibit rich characteristics such as parallel computing, ubiquitous storage, variable structure, high fault tolerance, nonlinear computing, self-organization, learning or self-learning. These characteristics are systematic features that people have long pursued and expected. Neural networks have unique capabilities in intelligent control of parameter values, structural or environmental adaptation, self-organization, self-learning, and other operational aspects.

The integration of intelligent control related technologies and control methods, or comprehensive cross integration, forms intelligent monitoring systems and controllers with different styles and structures, which is also the main feature of the intelligent control technology mode.

The main functions of the controller

1. Data buffering

Due to the low speed of I/O devices and the high speed of CPU and memory, it is necessary to set a buffer in the controller. When exporting, use this buffer to store the high-speed data transmitted by the host, and then transfer the data in the buffer to the I/O device at the speed of the I/O device; When input, the buffer is used to store data transmitted from I/O devices. After receiving a batch of data, the data in the buffer is transmitted to the host at high speed.

2. Error control

The device controller is also responsible for checking for errors in the information transmitted by I/O devices. If an error is found during the transmission process, the location of the error check code is usually reported to the CPU, so the CPU becomes invalid and transmits the transmitted data again. This can ensure the correctness of data input.

3. Data transmission

This refers to the data transmission between the CPU and the controller, as well as between the controller and the device. For the former, the CPU writes data in parallel to the controller or reads data in parallel from the controller; For the latter, the device inputs or transfers data from the controller to the device. Therefore, it is necessary to set data registers in the controller.

4. The situation indicates that

The controller should record the condition of the device for the CPU to grasp. For example, the CPU can only start the controller to read data from the device when it is in a push ready state. Therefore, a status register should be set in the controller to reflect a certain situation of the device. When the CPU reads the contents of the memory, it can grasp the status of the device.

5. Receive and recognize instructions

The CPU can send various instructions to the controller, and the device controller should be able to receive and recognize these instructions. Therefore, corresponding control registers should be obtained in the controller to store received instructions and parameters, and to translate the received instructions. For example, the disk controller can receive 15 different commands such as Read, Write, Format, etc. sent by the CPU, some of which also have their own parameters; Therefore, the disk controller contains multiple memories and instruction decoders.

6. Address authentication

Just like every module in memory has an address, every device in the system also has an address, and the device controller must be able to recognize the address of each device it operates on. In addition, in order for the CPU to be able to write (or read) data into (or read from) memory, these memories should have unique addresses.

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